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沈周（1427~1509年），字启南，号石田、白石翁、有竹居主东谈主等皇冠骰宝，长洲（今江苏苏州）东谈主。明代“吴门画派”的首创东谈主，以山水、花鸟名世，不仅是吴门画派的主力干将，亦然明代文东谈主画的旗号性画家。沈周世代隐居吴门，祖父沈澄工山水画，精于欣赏，是画家王蒙的好友，并藏有王蒙的佳作，永乐年间以贤才被召，却以生病为由拒却，一世未仕。父亲沈恒吉也喜欢赋诗作画，又是杜琼的学生。沈周幼承家学，15岁就清楚文才，学识饶沃，但未应科举，建“有竹居”，吟诗作画，沉静林泉，富于储藏，往还甚广，渡过了闲暇的一世。

  明 沈周 庐山高图 

纸本设色193.8×98.1公分 台北故宫博物院藏

沈周的山水画上溯五代董源、巨然，近学“元四家”，对黄公望、王蒙、倪瓒、吴镇都有涉猎，尤爱王蒙、黄公望。早期作品41岁（成化丁亥）的《庐山高图》，昭彰具有王蒙的笔意。中年后，运行求变，53岁（成化庚子）画的《虎丘送客图》就已流程繁到简了，但皴法照旧牛毛皴。再到乙巳年（1485年）的《湖山佳趣图》，山水皆备是自家状貌，这时沈周照旧58岁了。黄公望的皴，王蒙的点，倪云林的简，吴镇的润，都被他玄机给与，从而形成粗笔山水为主的画风，独成一格。

沈周的粗笔山水，用笔粗健，墨色华润，粗简鲁莽，强调书道用笔，追求文东谈主画意旨深嗜意旨深嗜。粗笔山水宏构有上海博物馆藏《草庵图》，北京故宫藏《芝旷野图》《沧州趣图》，浙江省博物馆藏《为祝淇作山水图》等。

明代沈周《为祝淇作山水图》

浙江省博物馆藏

沈周的细笔山水画存世未几，如广州市好意思术馆藏《松坡平远图》，无锡市博物馆藏《园树回生图》，台北故宫藏《芝鹤图》等。

明代沈周《园树回生图》 无

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锡市博物馆藏

在这些细笔山水中，因多是贺寿奉和之作，故东谈主物大多形容精微，山水皴染也较精巧。沈周的青绿山水画极少，仅有上海博物馆藏《云际停舟图》、天津艺术博物馆藏《青山红树图》等历历的几件。

明代沈周《青山红树图》

天津艺术博物馆藏

沈周有一些仿古之作，也很精彩。如都门博物馆藏《仿倪云林山水图》，全然倪云林渴笔，构图极简，疏朗散淡，无一丝尘土，如实如引首所题“石田逸品”。

明代沈周《仿倪云林山水》

都门博物馆藏

北京故宫藏《仿黄公望富春山居图》，成化丁未年（1487年）画，此时沈周已60岁，虽是仿作，但昭彰裸露沈周粗笔山水的笔意，在尾跋中题谈：“乃以意貌之，物远失真，临纸痛惜。”黄公望《富春山居图》曾是沈周旧藏，因借出外题丢失。

除了山水画，沈周还兼工花鸟，对其后的文徵明、唐寅、陈淳都产生不小的影响。沈周的花鸟画主要分三类：一类是水墨小写意，如上海博物馆藏《花果图》，北京故宫藏《牡丹图》。

明代沈周《牡丹图》

北京故宫博物院藏

还有一类是没骨设色，如好意思国密持安大学好意思术馆《松下芙蓉图》、北京故宫藏《卧游图册》；有一些作品昭彰属于写生类，如南京博物院藏《三松图》。

13代皇冠原装导航

明代沈周《卧游图册》

北京故宫博物院藏

沈周的花鸟画主要着手于家学，他的父亲沈恒吉就擅画花草，仅仅留存极少。沈周曾作题父花草诗两首，其中一首为《题先东谈主画萱》：“先东谈主手写宜男草，绿叶黄礁尽可东谈主。”沈周我方也画萱草，40岁时作《萱草图》，其上题跋云“我母爱萱草，堂前千本花。”安徽博物馆藏有一幅沈周的《椿萱图》，可作参考。

明代沈周《椿萱图》

安徽省博物馆藏

沈周的花鸟画除受家学影响外，南宋画僧法常对他也有不小影响。北京故宫藏有法常《水墨写生图》一卷，后有沈周的题跋“近见牧溪一卷于匏菴吴公家……不施彩色，大肆泼墨，俨然若生。”

在书道方面，沈周也有较深的造诣。早期学赵孟頫，后摹仿“宋四家”，中年以后专师黄庭坚，尤爱黄庭坚大字，喜用狼毫挥书，线条锐利舒展，中宫收紧而四维开张，深得黄庭坚烦闷重重及擒纵之法，长撇大捺，挺劲奇崛，纵横开合，与山水画雄健苍厚的立场相等一样。

仿大痴山水图 纸本设色

纵115.5厘米横48.5厘米 上海博物馆藏

沈周在书道审好意思上可爱瘦硬之书，他曾藏有宋代闻名诗东谈主、隐士林逋书道手迹两帖，并题诗“我爱翁书得瘦硬”。据明都穆《寓意编》载，沈周曾储藏黄庭坚书道四件，这为他摹仿黄庭坚的书道提供了很好的条目。其实，不仅沈周喜欢黄庭坚的书道，他的弟子文徵明也留住了不少黄庭坚立场的大字书道。沈周中年以后酣醉于黄体，在水平上不错说是少数几个得黄庭坚书道遗韵的东谈主。传世墨迹有《落花诗卷》《化须疏卷》。

沈周的画风靡一时，在其时就有东谈主争相师法和作秀。祝枝山曾载：“片楮朝出，午已见副本，又不日到处有之，凡十余本者。”王鏊也说“先生高致绝东谈主而和易近物，或以赝作求题以售，亦乐然应之。”可见沈周是个好好先生，也同期形成他的假画屡见连续。现在国表里馆藏的沈周画作，也有小数属于伪物争议之作。

连年国内拍场的沈周字画拍品，诚然数目未几，但时有上拍，且价钱崇高。2016年匡时国外秋拍《罨画溪诗画》2012.5万元高价成交，2016嘉德香港秋拍《游张公洞图》2023万元拍出，2016香港苏富比秋拍《九段锦册》1492万元成交。2017年北京匡时国外春拍《秋山策杖卷》506万元成交。但也有一些流拍，如2016北京保利秋拍《七段景册》680万~880万元流拍，2016嘉德秋拍《山水四段锦》1200万~1800万元流拍，2017嘉德香港春拍《安老亭图》估价1200万~1800万港币流拍。最离奇的是在2017年4月的荣宝81期小拍上，一件仅估价40万~60万元的沈周山水画《松崖避暑图轴》以1127万元拍出，逾越估价30倍！

回想连年海表里拍场上的沈周字画拍品，可谓赝多真少，作秀的时代也丰富多采。有仿造陈半丁题签旧藏的，成交价300多万，画太差不说，沈周的题画诗书道更是离谱，丑陋不胜。有的画尾题跋多达十多家，但画并不是沈周的，白费神计。有师法“多段锦”册页风物的，但徒有外在。也有仿金笺扇面的，但大多狂怪松弛。

其实，连年拍场上的沈周拍品绝大多半都是粗笔山水画，真伪照旧较易分裂的，沈周的粗笔山水，先皴后点，笔法高超，尤其是墨法枯润允洽，书道更是遒劲纵横，笔有千钧，作秀者难以仿造。

明代沈周《虎丘恋别图》

无锡市博物馆藏

沈周的粗笔山水，虽可用“粗简鲁莽”四个字来详尽，但这是一世的翰墨功夫修皆来的，越是翰墨简练，越见画家的功力，鲁莽不是狂燥，不是火气，这是真假一目了然之处。

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《雨夜幽寂图》

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